Adventures in Oceanography and Teaching

Dr. Mirjam S. Glessmer

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Adventures in Oceanography and Teaching

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24 Days of #KitchenOceanography — Crystal structure of ice

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This entry was posted in 24 Days of #KitchenOceanography, demonstration (easy), hands-on activity (easy), kitchen oceanography, tank experiment and tagged 24DaysOfKitchenOceanography, ice, ice crystal, ice crystals, ice cube, kitchen oceanography on December 19, 2020 by mglessmer.

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Adventures in Oceanography and Teaching by Dr. Mirjam S. Glessmer is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://mirjamglessmer.com.

fascinocean_kiel

fascinocean_kiel
This morning, there was only a super thin layer of This morning, there was only a super thin layer of ice on the pond -- enough to trap small air bubbles in some spaces, but still flexible -- and on it, the fern-like structures in which the ice grew were still visible. So pretty!⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Even when we can't see a CTD, we can still appreci Even when we can't see a CTD, we can still appreciate that it's somewhere down there, kilometers below the surface, hanging on a thin wire. Which, incidentally, makes a beautiful wake because the ship is moving ever so slightly relative to the water. And see those wave rings from drops falling down from the crane? Beautiful! In my book, every day is #CTDAppreciationDay!⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #WaveWatching #PhysicalOceanography #OceanSciences #Oceanography #LifeAtSea #ResearchCruise #ResearchShip
This CTD has JUST been lowered below the surface a This CTD has JUST been lowered below the surface and is about to start its decent into the dark depths of the ocean. You still see the air bubbles that came out of the open Niskin bottles where the rosette went into the water, and there are still more coming out, waiting to break the surface and make wave rings. And see how the slight relative movement of the rosette in the water creates a pretty wake where the cable cuts through the surface?⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #CTDAppreciationDay #PhysicalOceanography #Oceanography #LifeAtSea #ResearchCruise #ResearchShip
Today is #CTDAppreciationDay! Woohoo! And what bet Today is #CTDAppreciationDay! Woohoo! And what better way to celebrate it than to combine it with some #WaveWatching?⁠⠀
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First: A CTD is the most important oceanographic instrument, measuring Conductivity (to calculate salinity), Temperature, and Depth (well, pressure, really, but CTP would sound weird...), and it's been an important and fun part of every single oceanographic #ResearchCruise I've been ever part of. So obviously I appreciate it very much! Especially when combined with my favourite hobby, so let's check out the waves in this picture:⁠⠀
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See the waves that radiate from where the rosette frame is breaking the surface? And the rings created by drops falling from the crane above? Plus I love how shrunken the rosette looks due to the refraction of light at the air-water interface!⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #PhysicalOceanography #Oceanography #LifeAtSea #OceanScience #ScienceCruise #PhysicsIsAwesome
Finally a sunny day again! Which means that I HAVE Finally a sunny day again! Which means that I HAVE to get outside. And voila: awesome #WaveWatching! See the waves radiating as half circles from a point source from the lower right corner? That's a dog drinking!

#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Eliciting!⠀ .⠀ #KitchenOceanography is a great Eliciting!⠀
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#KitchenOceanography is a great tool in teaching and outreach of ocean and climate topics, because we are using a simple system -- one that people think should be easy enough to intuitively understand. But this is often not the case for many reasons, one being that many people have "misconceptions" about physical processes: ideas that they formed and that worked well to explain their observations until now, but that aren't correct and that will break down in the context of the physics we are trying to teach. ⠀
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But in order for those misconceptions to be changed into correct understanding of physics, they first need to be brought to light and be made conscious. ⠀
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For example by asking: In front of me you see two glasses, one filled with salt water, the other with fresh water, both at room temperature. If I drop the ice cubes in, which one will melt faster, the one in fresh water or the one in salt water?⠀
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At this point, it is not important that students give the correct answer, but that they articulate their beliefs.⠀
And what happens next? Look out for my upcoming "confront" post!⠀
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#OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #misconception #teachingphysics #physicseducation #sciencecommunication #scicomm #outreach⠀
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Alt text [Photo & text: Mirjam @meermini holding two green ice cubes over two glasses of water, grinning stupidly into the camera. Text says "Eliciting. What do you think will happen next? #KitchenOceanography"]
Whenever I pass this weir, there are people standi Whenever I pass this weir, there are people standing close by, fishing. But by now they've gotten used to me kneeling down, taking pictures of the water through the grid :-D⁠⠀
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I love watching waterfalls like this one, because I find it so fascinating how the flow changes. Upstream, towards the top of the picture, the water is flowing towards the weir, but it's flowing slow enough that waves can propagate in all directions. But right below where it says "supercritical flow" in the pic, the flow changes -- to supercritical. Meaning that it is flowing ("shooting") faster than waves can propagate, so all waves just get flushed down the water fall. And then, somewhere submerged all the bubbles, is a hydraulic jump, where the water has slowed down enough again that it stops being a supercritical flow. And then there is the turbulent bubbly part... Very much worth kneeling on a metal grid & being stared at by fisherpeople for! :-)⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #hydraulicjump # supercriticalflow #fluiddynamics #weir
No waves? No problem! With my beautiful new mitten No waves? No problem!
With my beautiful new mittens I always have the #GreatWaveOffKanagawa with me to admire, whenever regular wave watching isn't as exciting. Thank you so much Kjersti, they make me sooo happy! :)

#knittersofinstagram #GreatWave #GreatWaveMittens
More different current flavours! Again, all curren More different current flavours! Again, all currents from right to left.⠀
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Top panel: Flow is fast but not very much influenced by the river bed. Notable exceptions are the roots of the tree that you see prominently in the reflection (see how a wedge of standing waves develops from there on downstreams) and the rock in the center of the flow just left of the reflected tree that creates a V-shaped wake downstream.⠀
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Middle panel: More disturbances here! The current is squeezed together by those rocks and starting from where it is thinnest and in downstream direction, there are standing waves caused by the thinning and thus acceleration.⠀
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Bottom panel: No obvious obstacles (except possibly one in the center of the flow, a bit left from the middle of the panel; you see a wake with fewer waves than on the rest of the flow downstream from there), but a river bed that is uneven enough to support all those waves over the whole stretch of the river captured in this pic.⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser #Oceanography #geophysicalflows #fluiddynamics
Can you guess what's different between the two gla Can you guess what's different between the two glasses? No, I didn't stirr the one on the right! In both cases, I dripped a couple of drops of food coloring into water, but on the left the water is cold and on the right it is hot (as you can see from the condensation on the rim of the glass above the water level). ⠀
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In the cold case, we see the dye sinking in finger-like structures with mushroom-shaped tips. The thin ends of those fingers trace out where exactly the drops fell through the water.⠀
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We can't see those traces any more in the other case. In hot water, the molecules are moving a lot more than in cold water, leading to a much more efficient molecular diffusion, mixing the dye with the water a lot faster.⠀
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And that's why we make tea with hot water -- to save us the act of stirring :-D⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool
Pretty light this morning over an icy lake. Again, Pretty light this morning over an icy lake. Again, we see open water in the far back (where the reflections of the bushes are dark and sharp-edged and the birds are just taking flight) and then more and more small pieces of ice towards the bottom of the picture (where I am standing on top of the lake's only outlet. See how the ice slush is slowly flowing towards me, sometimes converging in stripes? At the very bottom of the picture, the ice cover is closed because enough ice has accumulated that the gaps between the individual pieces froze shut.⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #ice #iceformation
I think I have finally figured out how to light & I think I have finally figured out how to light & photograph tank experiments in a way that I don't get mad reflections on the glass (well, except on the corner of that glass, but I don't mind that. Those fog-like smears are real; it's milk stuck to the glass!). ⠀
But now this experiment (that I thought was absolutely fool-proof) stopped working for some reason. Different kind of coffee? Different kind of milk? Wrong temperatures? Why oh why oh why???⠀
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While I am, admittedly, super frustrated, this is also a good opportunity to reflect on why #KitchenOceanography is a great tool in teaching: Because it lets us experience what any kind of scientific process is like, but kinda in miniature. We get the same wins, but also get the try, try, try again, and try over.⠀
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Also: Had I taken the kind of detailled notes that I am always telling my students to take, I would know what parameters changed since last time. Do as I say, not as I do! :-D⠀
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#OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach ⠀
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[AltText: Photo of a glass with coffee into which milk has been poured; the milk shows up as a turbulent plume in the coffee]
When a current suddenly gets pinched, different th When a current suddenly gets pinched, different things can happen, for example⁠⠀
- standing waves can appear both upstream and downstream and exactly at the narrowest point (in this case we see them feathering away from the lower edge of the large stone)⁠⠀
- eddies can detach from the edge. I can spot four, do you see them? If not check the next pic!⁠⠀
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Nice walk with @frauwissenschaft :)⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser #eddies #flows #current #turbulence #physicaloceanography #fluiddynamics #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach
It might not be immediately obvious to you why I a It might not be immediately obvious to you why I am grinning stupidly at the camera in the picture above, while holding green ice cubes over two glasses full of water, so let me explain.⠀
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I am about to drop the two ice cubes into the two glasses of water. But those two glasses are not filled with the same stuff. Even though it's water at room temperature in both, one is fresh water and the other one is salt water at approximately a typical oceanic salinity (e.g. 35g of salt per liter water, or 7 tea spoons per liter).⠀
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When the ice cubes are dropped into the water, they'll both melt (in fact, they have already started, which is why I had green finger tips for days after this picture was taken). But they won't melt in the same way. The question I usually ask at this point is which one will melt faster? Do you know?⠀
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I've done this experiment dozens of times, alone or with people from preschool age to professional oceanographers, so I know what will happen (also it's very clear from theory what has to happen, although, of course, you need to know which theory to look at!). But what I don't know is what EXACTLY it will look like, and what I might discover for the first time, or see more clearly than before. Even though the experiments are simple, there is ALWAYS something new to discover, because even such a simple system is still chaotic. Plumes of melt water will never look exactly the same, nor will the condensation on the glass. Discovering all those small featuers and contemplating the physics behind them makes me happy, and it's easy to engage most people once they get over the "you are looking at two ice cubes and two plastic cups!?" threshold and actually start observing, questioning, and trying to explain, which is why #KitchenOceanography is such a great tool in teaching & outreach!⠀
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Want to know how exactly to use #KitchenOceanography for teaching and outreach? Then check back for my next posts in this series!⠀
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#OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #scicomm #wisskomm #sciencecommunication @iearth.no
#WaveWatching from my desk! Here internal waves in #WaveWatching from my desk! Here internal waves in the atmosphere, seen through the gap in the lower clouds. What I think is so cool about clouds is that they can appear and disappear so easily, even without all the moisture falling down as rain or snow or what have you. So in those internal waves, the air moves up and down, and changes in pressure or temperature or some parameter (any #meteorologists here?) make the cloud appear and disappear, leading to these cool stripes!⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser #homeoffice
Again, there is a milk layer at the bottom of the Again, there is a milk layer at the bottom of the coffee. And those mushroom-y milk fingers appear when the milk is warming up and its density is thus decreasing. As it gets less dense than the coffee, the stratification becomes unstable and milk starts rising until it reaches a level of its own density.⁠⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #convection
Three flavours of currents in one stream (flow alw Three flavours of currents in one stream (flow always from right to left).⁠⠀
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Top panel starts out with a slow, laminar flow (notice how there are hardly any waves upstream of the squeeze-y bit?) and then a very turbulent flow with standing waves that are breaking (isn't it always funny that they are breaking in an upstream direction? I mean it makes total sense [after all, the lower part of the flow is so fast that it's pulling the lower part of the wave forward and out underneath the upper part, which then collapses down onto new water, looking as if it is breaking upstream because everything else is being flushed downstream so fast], but my very first intuition is always [after looking at these kinds of flows for years and years!] that they should be breaking the other way round).⁠⠀
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Middle panel: Some turbulence, and standing waves in the middle (i.e. fast) part of the current, but all in all a very nicely defined current.⁠⠀
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Bottom panel: throughout the whole panel, there are waves on the flow. Some standing (where the bed is narrowest and the current fastest) and many small waves from small disturbances from the bottom of the bed. There is some turbulence where the water squeezes through the rocks that stick out of the water, but in general it's still a quite well defined flow despite all the waves on the surface.⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser  #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #oceanography #physicaloceanography #flow #turbulence
I've been playing around with different glasses an I've been playing around with different glasses and different ways of lighting them in order to get clearer pictures of the things I want to point out: The behavior of the fluids, not reflections on the side walls of the tanks I am using. At least here there are only two stripes where the light is reflected? And the internal waves on the interface between milk at the bottom and coffee on top come out quite clearly. Even from this photo you can see how dynamic the system is!⁠⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #butfirstcoffee
My sister & nieces made this mug for me for Christ My sister & nieces made this mug for me for Christmas. Isn't it just perfect together with the swirl in the last bit of my coffee? I'm considering making this my logo and profile pic and EVERYTHING because I think it is Just. Perfect.⁠⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #Coffeelove #sciart #artinscience
Actually, not only internal waves, but also curren Actually, not only internal waves, but also current shear!⁠⠀
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When you pour milk into coffee, the milk will form a layer at the bottom of the coffee. Similarly to when you poured the coffee in and it surface leveled out, the surface of the milk wants to level out. And similarly to the waves that you probably observed initially on the coffee when you poured it in, waves appear on the interface between milk and coffee. Except that these waves have larger amplitudes, move more slowly and persist for longer. That is because the density difference between milk and coffee is orders of magnitude smaller than that between coffee and air. Those waves are called "internal waves".⁠⠀
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And what we see in the pic, too, is that the milk layer is moving relative to the coffee layer, therefore the wave crests are being pulled into these sweeping strands. Pretty awesome!⁠⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach
SNOW!!! Not much here where I am, but nevertheless SNOW!!! Not much here where I am, but nevertheless fascinating.⁠⠀
I did a story for @wisskommsquad last year and translated it from german to english, but never got around to posting it. Check it out (if you are reading this later than a day from the time of writing, check out the highlight "snowflakes"! I'm explaining how different types of snowflakes form and a lot more on the topic of snow & ice!⁠⠀
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By the way, the snow flakes in this photo fell on the skylight above my home-office desk while I was was working. Quite distracting, but oh so beautiful!⁠⠀
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#scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #snow #snowflakes #iceformation #deposition #phasetransition
One of the few "behind the scenes" shots of me tak One of the few "behind the scenes" shots of me taking #WaveWatching pictures! See the super awesome current right at my feet? :-D⁠⠀
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Similar to kitchen oceanography, I believe that wave watching is a great tool in education and outreach, especially during times where activites have to be socially distant. My article "How to Teach Motivating and Hands-On Laboratory and Field Courses in a Virtual Setting", where I am elaborating on both, just came out in Oceanography, the official magazine of The Oceanography Society. Check it out at https://tos.org/oceanography/article/how-to-teach-motivating-and-hands-onlaboratory-and-field-courses-in-a-virtual-setting⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool #virtualteaching #hybridteaching #fieldworkfix
No, it's not a smudge on your screen, the water to No, it's not a smudge on your screen, the water towards the bottom of the picture really looks a lot duller than towards the back where it reflects the shrubbery. That's because today there is some ice sludge floating on the water, how exciting! It's too warm for it to freeze, but at least it isn't melting right away. The slush is collecting towards the bottom of the picture because this picture was taken from the top of the weir which regulates the outflow of this little pond, so the general current direction is towards me.⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Wow, such a pretty braided pattern in this little Wow, such a pretty braided pattern in this little stream, where the main part of the current gets moved around the headland (submerged, but you still see some grass being brushed in downstream direction) and then back towards the other side of the stream after it met the opposite bank. I think this looks really cool!⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Maybe not The Best Thing about morning coffee, but Maybe not The Best Thing about morning coffee, but definitely very important: Observing what happens when you pour milk or cream in! Here the cold milk is denser than the coffee, so it sinks down to the bottom of the glass (it would probably even shoot to the bottom of the glass if it was the same density as the coffee since it's coming in with a lot of momentum). Hitting the bottom, it shoots along the curved rim of the glass and up in these cute little turbulent billows. But eventually, it will settle on the bottom of the glass, forming a denser layer under the less dense coffee -- that's what we call a stratification, both in density and in coffee&milk. And it'll stay like that for a little bit, until other processes come into play. So stay tuned for those :-D⁠⠀
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#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography ##scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #physicsteaching #physicseducation #physicsiscool #turbulence #stratification #coffee #butfirstcoffee
What do I love so much about #KitchenOceanography? What do I love so much about #KitchenOceanography? Discovering oceanography EVERYWHERE.
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When people think of oceanography, they think of endless oceans, weeks and weeks at sea on research ships, something that feels remote and unconnected to their everyday lives. But for me, it is anything but! And #KitchenOceanography is a great tool to bring the ocean and a normal everyday life closer together, both for myself and others.
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The concept of #KitchenOceanography is simple: you use what you find at home to simulate oceanic processes. Usually this involves some kind of "tank" (anything from a tupper ware container to the wine glass as in the picture), obviously water (usually varying temperature or salinity to change density), food dyes (or anything that can safely be used in food storage containers and that can act as coloring, e.g. dark red fruit juice, black coffee, ...). And then you put it together, observe, and relate the physics happening in your kitchen to the things that happen on much larger scales in the ocean. Fun!
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#KitchenOceanography works really well as a fun activity at home, but is also a great tool in teaching, both in-person and remote. Over the next couple of posts I'll tell you how and why to use it, and give you plenty of ideas for #KitchenOceanography experiments, so please check back!
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#OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #scicomm #sciencecommunication #wisskomm #wissenschaftskommunikation #outreach #scied #physicsexperiment #physicseducation
Ecological restauration of storm drains and small Ecological restauration of storm drains and small streams in the middle of the city is awesome. Saw a kingfisher and could follow it along for a bit! 
Plus it makes for interesting #WaveWatching when the current is following a slalom path. Love the standing waves in the current and how one can observe the different properties of the flow on the inner and outer banks!
#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Sometimes it's surprising how much #biodiversity c Sometimes it's surprising how much #biodiversity can be found within walking distance in the middle of a city like #Hamburg. What you don't see (because I artfully cropped the picture) is how close this #heron was to a busy road. Discovering nature right outside our doors is really awesome, even on the last day of my vacation before I'm back in a job that is about exactly this! :)

...and it does get even more awesome: when it starts moving and making waves... ;)

#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
A natural weir: An obstacle across this little str A natural weir: An obstacle across this little stream that alters both flow and water level and collects a lot of debris. Very nicely visible here by the calm surface upstream of the weir (where floaty stuff is accumulating on the surface over time in stripes) and then the wavy water downstream of the weir where the water just went down a small waterfall.⁠⠀
#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Recently, most mornings have been grey, and #WaveW Recently, most mornings have been grey, and #WaveWatching at the little lake isn't super exciting, as you might have noticed from the pictures I have been posting. But why do I still go wave watching every day and take pictures of what looks very similar day in, day out? For me, it comes down to practice, in two meanings of the word:⁠⠀
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1. Practice as in the repeated exercise that we do to acquire a skill. I've spent a good amount of time looking at water over the years, and I have developed a good intuition in recognizing pattern that let me explain why a water surface is shaped a certain way at any given time. This is a fun skill to practice and to hone! As is taking pictures of water. Not so easy if you want to primarily make features of the water surface visible, not photograph the landscape or sunset or what have you!⁠⠀
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2. Practice as a habit or custom. Going wave watching has, over time, become meaningful in itself. I really enjoy looking at water, spotting phenomena I recognize, chewing on those that I can't immediately explain. Doing this as a treat throughout my day that I look forward to -- at the end of a run, during lunch break on a hectic day -- gives me calm and joy, and I consciously incorporate it every single day.⁠⠀
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Do you know what I mean? What is the "wave watching" in your life?⁠⠀
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#LetsGoWaveWatching #KommWirGuckenWasser
Enjoying your lazy first morning coffee of the yea Enjoying your lazy first morning coffee of the year (or already back from your New Year's morning walk, but forgot to take pictures -- what's wrong with you, 2021?)? Then it's a perfect opportunity to look at wind-induced currents in your coffee! Gently blow across the cup and observe how two counter-rotating eddies develop. This becomes especially clear if you take milk in your coffee (or something else that creates a surfsce film). Enjoy!

#KitchenOceanography #OceanographyLab #PhysicalOceanography #gyre #eddies #OceanCirculation #OceanographyLife
So people tell me they want to see more #KitchenOc So people tell me they want to see more #KitchenOceanography. Get ready for 2021, I come prepared!
Carrying a non-alcoholic experiment with me (doesn't look like it, does it?). 
Can you tell which of the glasses contains salt water and which fresh water? Both were at room temperature before I put in the (now mostly melted) ice cubes...
Happy New Year! May your 2021 be full of curiosity and new experiences!
What a pretty checkerboard wave pattern in the mid What a pretty checkerboard wave pattern in the middle of the lake!
#kommwirguckenwasser #letsgowavewatching
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